一、从一句话说起
先看这句话:
We found the people to be extremely friendly.
你有没有想过,为什么这里要用 to be,而不能说 “We found the people are extremely friendly”?
要搞清楚这个问题,我们需要先理解一个重要的语法概念——宾语补足语。
二、什么是宾语补足语?
简单来说,宾语补足语就是用来”补充说明”宾语的成分。它跟在宾语后面,告诉我们宾语是什么、怎么样或处于什么状态。
先看几个最简单的例子:
| 句子 | 宾语 | 补足语 | 补足语在说明什么? |
|---|---|---|---|
| I made her happy. | her | happy | 说明”她”变得”开心” |
| They painted the wall white. | the wall | white | 说明”墙”被涂成”白色” |
| We elected him president. | him | president | 说明”他”成为”总统” |
没有补足语,这些句子的意思就不完整:
- ❌ I made her. (我让她?让她干嘛?)
- ❌ They painted the wall. (他们刷了墙?刷成什么样?)
- ❌ We elected him. (我们选了他?选他当什么?)
补足语就是把意思补充完整的关键!
三、find + 宾语 + to be 结构
1. 基本公式
find + 某人/某物 + to be + 形容词/名词
意思是:“发现某人/某物是……样的”
2. 举例说明
| 例句 | 宾语 | to be + 补足语 | 意思 |
|---|---|---|---|
| I found the movie to be boring. | the movie | to be boring | 我发现这部电影很无聊 |
| She found the task to be difficult. | the task | to be difficult | 她发现这项任务很难 |
| We found him to be a reliable person. | him | to be a reliable person | 我们发现他是个可靠的人 |
| They found the restaurant to be expensive. | the restaurant | to be expensive | 他们发现这家餐厅很贵 |
四、三种常见的”发现”表达法
对于”发现某人/某物是……样的”,英语里有三种常见写法,它们都对,但语气和风格略有不同:
| 结构 | 例句 | 风格 |
|---|---|---|
| find + 宾语 + to be | I found the people to be friendly. | 正式、书面化 |
| find + 宾语 + 形容词 | I found the people friendly. | 简洁、口语化 |
| find + that + 完整从句 | I found that the people are friendly. | 直白、最常用 |
为什么不能直接说 “I found the people are friendly”?
因为 find 后面如果直接跟一个完整的句子(主谓宾),中间需要加 that 来引导这个宾语从句:
| ❌ 错误 | ✅ 正确 |
|---|---|
| I found the people are friendly. | I found that the people are friendly. |
| She found the movie was boring. | She found that the movie was boring. |
你可以把 that 想象成一座”桥”,它把主句和从句连接起来。没有这座桥,两个句子撞在一起,语法就不通了。
什么时候可以省略 that?
在口语和非正式写作中,that 经常可以省略,但前提是从句的主语和谓语紧跟在动词后面时,听者不会产生混淆。例如:
I found that the people are friendly. → I found the people are friendly.
这句话在口语中其实是可以接受的,因为意思清晰,不会产生歧义。但在正式写作中,建议保留 that 或使用 to be 结构。
更稳妥的建议: 在考试、论文或正式场合中,要么用 to be,要么保留 that,这样最安全、最规范。
五、to be 在句子中到底是什么成分?
回到这句话:
We (主语) found (谓语动词) the people (宾语) to be extremely friendly (宾语补足语).
所以 “to be extremely friendly” 在句子中的成分就是:宾语补足语。
它的作用是:
- 连接宾语和后面的形容词/名词
- 补充说明宾语的性质、状态或身份
六、类似用法的动词
find 不是唯一能这样用的动词。很多表示”认为、相信、发现、考虑”的动词,都可以接 “宾语 + to be” 的结构:
| 动词 | 例句 | 意思 |
|---|---|---|
| consider | We consider this to be a great opportunity. | 我们认为这是个好机会 |
| believe | She believes him to be innocent. | 她相信他是无辜的 |
| think | I thought her to be older than she is. | 我原以为她比实际年龄大 |
| prove | The task proved to be more difficult than expected. | 这项任务证明比预期更难 |
| assume | We assumed the project to be completed. | 我们假设这个项目已经完成了 |
| declare | They declared him to be the winner. | 他们宣布他是获胜者 |
注意:有些动词只能接 that 从句
并不是所有”发现/认为”类的动词都能用 “宾语 + to be” 结构。比如:
| 动词 | 宾语 + to be | that 从句 |
|---|---|---|
| say | ❌ They say him to be honest. | ✅ They say that he is honest. |
| report | ❌ The news reported the man to be missing. | ✅ The news reported that the man was missing. |
用的时候,最好先查一下词典,看看这个动词到底支持哪些用法。
七、”to be” 可以省略吗?(重要!)
可以!而且非常常见!
在 find + 宾语 + to be + 形容词/名词 的结构中,to be 经常被省略。
情况一:补足语是形容词(省略非常普遍)
| 带 to be(正式) | 省略 to be(自然、口语化) |
|---|---|
| I found the movie to be boring. | I found the movie boring. |
| We found the task to be difficult. | We found the task difficult. |
| She found the hotel to be comfortable. | She found the hotel comfortable. |
| They found the service to be excellent. | They found the service excellent. |
✅ 日常交流中,省略 to be 的说法甚至比保留更常见、更自然!
情况二:补足语是名词(省略也完全可以)
| 带 to be(正式) | 省略 to be(也常见) |
|---|---|
| I found him to be a good leader. | I found him a good leader. |
| We found her to be an excellent teacher. | We found her an excellent teacher. |
| They found it to be a great opportunity. | They found it a great opportunity. |
省略 to be 与保留 to be 的区别
| 带 to be | 省略 to be | |
|---|---|---|
| 风格 | 更正式、书面化 | 更简洁、口语化 |
| 语气 | 强调”经过判断后得出的结论” | 直接陈述发现的结果 |
| 使用场景 | 正式文章、学术写作、演讲 | 日常对话、邮件、非正式写作 |
小贴士
如果你不确定该不该省略,记住这条简单原则:
日常说话 → 省略 to be(更自然)
正式写作 → 保留 to be(更稳妥)
两种说法都是完全正确的,所以不用担心用错!
八、为什么不用 “to be” 的时态变化?
注意,to be 永远用原形,不会变成 to is、to was 或 to are。
这是因为 to be 是不定式(infinitive),不定式永远用动词原形,不受主语或时态的影响。
你可以这样理解:find 已经是过去式了(found),它后面的动词就不需要再变时态了。
✅ We found the people to be friendly. (to be 是原形)
❌ We found the people to were friendly. (错误!)
九、总结对照表
| 要点 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| to be… 是什么成分? | 宾语补足语,补充说明宾语的性质/状态 |
| 为什么用 to be? | 表示”经过观察/接触后认为/发现”,语气更正式 |
| 可以省略吗? | ✅ 可以!尤其接形容词时,省略非常普遍且自然 |
| 省略后有什么区别? | 更简洁口语化(省略)vs 更正式书面化(保留) |
| 能不能用 are/was? | 可以,但前面必须有 that:I found that the people are… |
| 还有哪些动词这样用? | consider, believe, think, prove, assume, declare 等 |
十、小练习
试试把下面几个句子翻译成英语(用今天学到的结构,试试省略 to be 的版本):
- 我发现这本书很有趣。
- 我们认为他是一个好老师。
- 她发现这项任务比预期的要难。
- 大家认为这是个不错的主意。
答案(参考):
- I found the book to be very interesting. / I found the book very interesting.(两种都对)
- We consider him to be a good teacher. / We consider him a good teacher.
- She found the task to be more difficult than expected. / She found the task more difficult than expected.
- Everyone thought it to be a good idea. / Everyone thought it a good idea.
掌握了这个结构,你的英语表达会更加地道、更加灵活!下次写作文或邮件时,试着用 “find + 宾语 + to be” 来替换简单的 “think that…”,会让你的语言更有层次感。
记住:省略 to be 不仅正确,而且更自然!放心用吧!